Why Innovation Fails Without Strategy
Why Innovation Fails Without Strategy
Setting corporate innovation on the path to success
Established companies know they must innovate to find growth in the digital era. They know they must look beyond their core, pursue disruptive ideas, iterate, and experiment.
So, in recent years, large companies have set up innovation labs, accelerators, hackathons, and open innovation programs.
Yet, most of these efforts produce little in the way of results. Begun with great fanfare, they quickly fall into the habits of what Steve Blank calls “innovation theater.”
In the end, these corporate teams are outrun by startups. And their innovation labs are shut down after failing to deliver growth at a scale that matters to the business.
Why does this keep happening? And what can be done?
In my years of research and advising dozens of F500 companies, I’ve repeatedly seen that the root cause of this failure is the missing link between strategy and innovation.
For corporate innovation to succeed, it cannot begin with blue sky thinking and proceed with the independence of a startup.
Instead, companies must learn to harness every innovation effort to two pillars of strategy:
a clear set of growth priorities
an understanding of the firm’s unique advantages
By linking innovation to strategy at every step, from greenlighting to scaling up, established businesses can leverage their strengths to deliver innovation that drives bottom-line growth.
A version of this article was first published in Harvard Business Review as “The Missing Link Between Strategy and Innovation”
Pillar 1: Strategic Priorities
The first question that must be central to any corporate innovation effort is: What are the strategic priorities that matter most to our business?
In my book, The Digital Transformation Roadmap, I suggest two lenses for defining strategic priorities: problems and opportunities.
The Problem Lens
The problem lens draws from the common wisdom of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs to “fall in love with the problem” you are seeking to solve, and not the solution you expect will solve it.
This could be a problem to solve for the customer (e.g. difficulty in placing an order). Or it could be a problem to solve for the business (e.g. difficulty forecasting demand).
One company I’ve seen take this approach is Walmart. The company has decided that a key customer problem to solve is online ordering of groceries — a category that is important to Walmart’s business, and where the existing customer experience has left much to be desired.
The Opportunity Lens
The opportunity lens is another way to define a strategic growth priority.
This could be an opportunity for the business to expand into a new market or sector (such as Amazon’s decision to explore cloud computing, which ultimately led to the launch of Amazon Web Services).
Or it could be an opportunity to delight the customer with an unexpected benefit or reward. Walmart, for example, defined an opportunity to let customers shop by texting a virtual assistant (who would help research products, propose options, and then place the order for the best product). The goal was to delight the customer and shift their habits away from Amazon Prime.
Pillar 2: Unique Advantages
The second question that should be central to any corporate innovation effort is: What unique advantages does our business hold over competitors?
These could be physical assets, data, network effects, intellectual property, brand reputation, or other strengths that distinguish your business, add value to your products, and give you a competitive edge.
Disney, for example, has a unique advantage from its iconic stories and characters which it exploits in various business models — from film to streaming, theme parks, and merchandise.
It is critical that corporate innovation focus on leveraging such preexisting strengths. Used right, they will help you build competitive moats around new ventures and give you a “right to win” against others who bring similar innovations to the market.
5 Steps to Link Strategy to Innovation
The key to linking strategy and innovation is to embed these two strategic pillars into every step of your corporate innovation efforts.
That includes innovation labs, accelerators, and hackathons, as well as innovation projects within the core business itself.
Making this linkage work requires rethinking corporate innovation across five steps:
1. Set strategy at different levels.
The first step is to assemble a multi-functional team at the C-suite level to carefully assess the unique advantages of your business. They should then define a set of strategic priorities for the next one to three years, based on the firm’s advantages, its competitive landscape, and deep insights into customer needs.
Once strategy is set at the enterprise level, the leadership of each business unit and each function (marketing, supply chain, etc.) should translate this into a strategy for their own level of the business.
Strategy should be regularly revisited (I suggest a brief quarterly review, and deeper annual review), to update priorities or adjust to changes in competitive advantage.
2. Share your strategy with all employees.
The next step is to share this strategy with employees throughout the organization — both those in dedicated innovation roles (e.g. hackathon organizers), and those pursuing innovation within the regular work of their function or line of business. Virtual forums, strategy workshops, and every means of communication should be used to ensure everyone knows what problems the business is looking to solve, and what unique advantages it is hoping to leverage.
3. Greenlight projects based on strategic fit.
Whenever an innovation idea is proposed — whether in a startup accelerator or a regional marketing team — it must include a clear problem statement: “What problem are we solving, and for whom?” Each proposed innovation should then be evaluated for strategic fit.
It’s not enough that your lab proposes “a great idea” for a “disruptive” innovation where “we see a huge TAM (total addressable market).” Instead, every proposed new venture must answer two questions: Does it relate to a strategic priority? And would it potentially leverage one of our unique advantages? Only innovations that match your strategy agenda should be greenlit — i.e. given an initial round of funding or added to a backlog of ventures to try next.
4. Rapidly validate through experimentation.
For greenlit ideas, your next step is to define the key business model hypotheses and conduct quick, low-cost experiments to validate them.
Who is the optimal customer? How do they experience the problem you are solving for? Does your solution drive adoption? Can you deliver it at scale? Do you have any competitive advantage? Can you capture value and turn a profit?
When Walmart began to focus on online groceries, it launched pilots for a variety of different approaches to the same problem. It learned that some delivery models scaled better than others. It also found that customers preferred an annual fee to a charge per delivery, and that price was critical to customer adoption.
5. Scale up the few that work & quickly shutter the majority that don’t.
Funding of new innovations must be iterative as well. Every team whose idea is approved should be required to return in 90 days with market data and a request for more funding.
Walmart’s innovation that let customers shop by text, dubbed “Jet black,” showed early product-market fit. Customers loved the experience and started to switch from ordering on Amazon. But with further testing, Walmart found no path to deliver a scalable, profitable offering. The innovation was shut down and learning shared within the organization.
In Walmart’s grocery efforts, many pilots were shut down as well. But a few proved highly successful in the marketplace, eventually launching as a subscription service (Walmart+) and a buy-online-pickup-at-store offering (Pickup Today).
Walmart continues to experiment with new approaches to reinvent the online grocery experience (such as Walmart InHome), to match evolving customer needs.
Innovation that Delivers Results
There are no crystal balls in innovation. Just like a VC firm investing in startups, your corporate growth board will not know in advance which new ventures will work. This is why innovation depends on portfolio investing, experimentation, and iterative funding.
But for corporate innovation, one more thing is essential: Every venture must start from an idea that fits the strengths and strategy of the corporate parent.
In too many companies, we see an innovation team allowed to pursue its own agenda and imagine itself to be a separate island from the rest of the company. The results are always disappointing: a lot of creative ideas, but a failure to deliver meaningful growth. The root problem is the disconnect between strategy and innovation.
To succeed, corporate innovation needs to be bounded by a clear set of strategic priorities that matter to the business. And it needs to play to the strengths of the firm — whether data, customer relationships, or supply chains — that will enable it to outcompete others attempting the same idea.
The five-step approach we have seen can be used by any business to link its strategy process to its innovation process—from greenlighting to innovation metrics and resource allocation. By doing so, every established business can leverage its own strengths to deliver meaningful growth at scale.
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